Overview

Admiral Raymond Spruance commanded the Fifth Fleet, the overall naval force for Okinawa. The fleet had over 1,600 ships and 350,000 men for the invasion of Okinawa.

The Navy performed minesweeping, preinvasion bombardment, and air strikes before the invasion. During the battle, the fleet guarded the island against Japan-based attacks. These ships provided fire support and supplies to the invasion force, which also made them a target for Japanese kamikazes, or suicide attacks.

Preinvasion bombardment of Okinawa, March 1945. Photograph from the Library of Congress.

In the last week of March, the U.S. Navy rained 30,000 explosive shells down on Okinawa. The preinvasion bombardment of Okinawa was so intense it was described as a “typhoon of steel.” Five days into the invasion, the Japanese unleashed their kamikazes on the Fifth Fleet. In addition to the suicide planes, the Imperial Japanese Navy sent the famous Yamato to provide fire support for their forces. Planes from U.S. carriers commanded by Admiral Marc A. Mitscher struck the Yamato and her convoy, sinking the legendary battleship.

  • USS Hugh W. Hadley Scoreboard

  • USS Hugh W. Hadley Scoreboard

  • USS Hugh W. Hadley Scoreboard

  • USS Hugh W. Hadley Scoreboard

  • USS Hugh W. Hadley Scoreboard

USS Hugh W. Hadley Scoreboard

Scoreboard from the superstructure of USS Hugh W. Hadley documenting that the destroyer had vanquished 25 Japanese airplanes: 23 of the planes were downed in a period of 1 hour and 40 minutes on 11 May 1945 when the Hadley was serving as a picket ship off Okinawa.

Radar picket stations were naval early warning systems against air attacks. Sixteen picket stations were established around Okinawa, ready to eliminate Japanese suicide planes before they could endanger the American invasion forces. The kamikazes of the Okinawa campaign made up the largest kamikaze attack of the Pacific War. Hundreds of pilots died to sink nearly 30 ships and damage over 120 during the Okinawa campaign. Kamikaze attacks accounted for about 40% of the total casualties at Okinawa, with over 3,000 sailors dead and double the number of wounded.